A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine shows Indian smokers prefer traditional leaf-wrapped, hand-rolled "beedis" to manufactured filter brands; are more likely to die of tuberculosis than cancer; and, almost never quit.

"The extreme risks from smoking that we found surprised us, as smokers in India start at a later age than those in Europe or America and smoke less," said lead author Prabhat Jha of the Toronto-based Centre for Global Health Research.

He said the study was prompted by a lack of research into the nature of smoking in India and other developing countries.

The results are partly explained by the fact that, unlike in the West, many people in India are infected with asymptomatic tuberculosis. Smoking can cause enough damage to the lungs that the latent infection can no longer be contained, researchers said.

As a result, tuberculosis is the most common cause of smoking-related deaths among Indian men.

Around 120 million people smoke in India, most of them men, according to the study.

Indian health authorities want tobacco companies to print grisly images of tobacco-related diseases on packets of cigarettes and beedis, but face opposition from politicians keen to protect the jobs of tobacco workers.

The study said that more than half of Indian smokers are illiterate and only 2 percent ever quit - and mostly only because they are too sick to continue.

The research involved tracking deaths between 2001 and 2003 in more than a million homes across India chosen to be nationally representative of the population.