Several nations had signed an agreement to increase the enrollment of girls in secondary education and at least permit a 30 per cent share of women's seats in parliament. Progress 2000 analyses girls' enrollment in secondary education and women's representation in legislatures based on a specific set of goals agreed to at a series of UN conferences in the 1990s. The report makes clear that those agreements do not include targets relating to women's economic equality and recommends the adoption of specific economic targets, such as raising women's share of administrative and managerial positions to at least 30 per cent by 2005 and at least 50 per cent by 2015.

Data from the report reveals that women's current share of administrative and managerial employment was higher in the 1990s than it was in the 1980s in 51 out of the 59 countries for which data is available. Progress 2000 investigates women's status in the context of globalisation from the mid-1980s through the late 1990s. It shows that while many nations have made some advances in girls enrollment and women's seats in parliament, only eight have met or gone beyond the levels agreed upon by world governments at a series of global conferences in the 1990s.

On the positive side, the UNIFEM report found that women's share of paid employment has increased in most regions, with the exception of parts of Eastern Europe. "We need to learn from countries where women have achieved 30 per cent of seats in parliament and participate in key decision-making, particularly in the realm of government expenditures and the formulation of economic policy," said Noeleen Heyzer, executive director of UNIFEM and chief sponsor of the new biennial report. "This report forcefully reminds governments and corporations that more people will benefit from globalisation if women are active in setting agendas and reshaping global economic rules," Heyzer said.

The report was released during last week's meet in New York, called `Beijing +5'. The meeting was to analyse the progress made on the agreements signed by nations at the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women held in Beijing."UNIFEM is urgently calling upon governments, international financial institutions and corporations to renew their commitments to women's economic status in the face of new constraints and opportunities posed by globalisation," Heyzer said in a statement from New York.

Progress 2000 provides examples of innovative approaches for increasing accountability and commitment to the world's women, from providing training to undertake a gender audit of national budgets, to developing codes of conduct to increase corporate social responsibility. It offers tools to monitor how government budgets and policies, and corporate operations and business practices, specifically affect women. The report's extensive research is supported by detailed accounts of efforts already being made to ensure women's fair participation in economic policy making at the national and global level.

Stories of successful change strategies featured in Progress 2000 include women workers forging new partnerships between corporations and trade unions to improve labour conditions, poor women forming collectives to introduce their products in global markets and negotiate for better terms and prices and women's organisations collaborating with governments to recognise how expenditures advance and constrain women's progress. Women's share of seats in parliament in Eastern Europe has suffered the most dramatic decreases of women's seats in parliament, according to Progress 2000.

"This is most likely linked to the deterioration of economic conditions there and the dismantling of quota systems," according to Diane Elson, coordinator of the report and a professor of Development Studies in the Department of Sociology at the University of Manchester in the UK.

"Household income inequality has also increased there," she said, "suggesting a growing gap between rich and poor women."

Of the 24 nations in Western Europe and other developed countries, the US ranks 19 in the number of seats held by women in Congress. The US has reached 12 per cent, followed by Italy (10 per cent), Malta (9.2 per cent) France (9.1 per cent), Japan (8.3 per cent) and Greece (6.3 per cent).

Women's share of seats in parliament increased in 17 developed and developing countries from 1987 to 2000, most notably because of governmental positive action and quotas. Those countries are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Canada, Ecuador, El Salvador, Iceland, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa, Sweden, Uganda and the UK.

The level of girl's enrollment in secondary education has seriously deteriorated in much of sub-Saharan Africa, and the report draws links between increased indebtedness and declines in enrollment. Of the 15 countries with decreases in girls' enrollment, 12 also showed an increase in national debt. While 11 per cent of countries have achieved gender equality in secondary education enrollment, there have been decreases in 11 out of 33 countries in sub-Saharan Africa; 7 out of 11 countries in Central and Western Asia; 6 out of 26 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean; 6 out of 9 countries in Eastern Europe.

Much of women's work is invisible to economic decision makers, particularly unpaid caring work and the informal sector labour of street vendors and home-based workers. In times of economic transition, when state-run businesses privatise and a market economy is ushered in, women and girls often pay the price, especially when services such as daycare and healthcare are cut back. Women typically provide around 70 per cent of the time spent on unpaid care work within the family, while men provide around 30 per cent. There are only a few countries in the world where women's share of paid employment in industry and services is around 50 per cent, and a handful in which it is somewhat higher.

Progress 2000 found that from the mid-1980s to the late 1990s, women's share of paid employment had increased in most regions, with the exception of parts of Eastern Europe. In the late 1990s, the share ranged from a high of 54 per cent in Ukraine and Latvia to 5 per cent in Chad. Of the 24 Western European and other developed countries, the US ranked sixth with 48 per cent. The lowest shares were in Luxembourg (36) and Malta (29). Compared with Western Europe and other developed nations, the US has the highest share of women in administrative and managerial positions. From the mid-1980s to the late 1990s, the US' share of women in administrative and managerial positions increased from 38 per cent to 47 per cent, compared with the UK (22 to 33 per cent), Canada (35 to 40 per cent) and Japan (9 to 11 per cent).